Women in the world of science: YSU Professor Anahit Balabekyan on challenges and achievements

Although science is widely regarded as a "universal language", transcending gender, age, and geography, women's paths in the scientific sphere have often been marked by both visible and invisible obstacles. Today, as the expanding role of women in science and high technology is widely discussed, it is essential to amplify the voices of scholars who have not only overcome these challenges but are also shaping the future of science. Our conversation with Anahit Balabekyan addresses women's participation in science, the choice of pursuing a scientific career, and the prospects for advancing science in Armenia and beyond.

"In fact, women have been engaged in science since the beginning of the previous century. It is enough to recall the French physicist Marie Skłodowska-Curie, who was awarded two Nobel Prizes in Physics and Chemistry, as well as many other women who have received this highest scientific distinction. In Armenia, too, women scientists have occupied a significant place in the scientific landscape. Among them are Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Tina Asatiani and astrophysicist Elma Parsamyan, both academicians of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia. Nevertheless, it must be acknowledged that, in percentage terms, women remain underrepresented in science. In order to succeed, they often have to exert twice the effort," says Anahit Balabekyan.

– Ms. Balabekyan, in your opinion, what impact do stereotypes have on young women's decisions to pursue science as a career path? To what extent do these perceptions affect their professional development? 

– Women are more widely represented in the humanities, largely due to the persistent belief that men are more successful in the natural sciences. When I mention that I specialize in nuclear physics, I frequently observe undisguised surprise, as this field is perceived as particularly demanding and even hazardous. However, in recent years, the number of women in our discipline has increased significantly.

More broadly, one of the principal challenges facing women is motherhood and the period of childcare that follows. This stage often entails a temporary reduction in scientific activity, and in today's rapid pace of development, such interruptions can substantially slow professional advancement.

Throughout my career, I have encountered numerous challenges, as experimental nuclear physics requires both physical endurance and overnight shifts during experiments. Yet I have always been surrounded by supportive and collegial peers, thanks to whom I have been able to achieve meaningful success.

– Drawing on your personal experience, how difficult is it for women to reconcile professional activity with family responsibilities?

– For most of their lives, women confront the difficulty of choosing between career and family; it is a widespread phenomenon. However, when the family approaches a woman's professional aspirations with understanding and support, it is entirely possible to combine the two successfully. 

– What choices have you faced, and how did you overcome those difficulties?

– There was a period in my life when I had to choose between career and family, and I chose my family. Owing to the unconditional support of my husband and children, I was nevertheless able to attain the professional achievements I have today.

– Nowadays, many girls and women are engaged in science, but often hesitate to choose it as a profession. What advice would you give to those who see their future in this field?

– I would strongly encourage all girls and women to pursue science with confidence. Research activity is not only interesting but also inherently creative. At the same time, it is important to maintain a balance between family and professional life. Science is not confined to rigid schedules; it offers the flexibility necessary to reconcile work with family responsibilities. Above all, one must approach one's vocation with love and dedication, for it is precisely under such conditions that genuine results emerge. 

– What innovative initiatives or international collaborations might increase women's participation in various scientific fields? How do the International Day of Women and Girls in Science and related events help recognize and inspire women scientists?

– Within the framework of international cooperation, special attention must be devoted to the inclusion and support of women scientists. Just as grant programs often allocate quotas for young researchers, similar targeted support could be established for women scientists. The International Day of Women and Girls in Science is indeed an inspiring initiative. It testifies to the growing number of women in science and to the increasing recognition of their contributions. However, it is crucial that this day not remain merely symbolic; care and support for women in science must be demonstrated every single day.

– What research is currently being conducted at the International Center for Advanced Studies of the YSU Institute of Physics under your leadership? What role do women play in this work?

– At our center, both theoretical and experimental research is carried out in the fields of nuclear physics and high-energy physics. Since the nucleus and elementary particles constitute the fundamental structural components of matter, it may be said that we study the basic properties of matter itself. Recently, a woman scientist from Iran has joined our team. The majority of the center's staff are women, who work in this field with remarkable efficiency and dedication. At present, we are implementing three grant programs funded by the RA MoESCS Higher Education and Science Committee and preparing applications for two other grants.  

According to Anahit Balabekyan, the work of highly qualified and devoted specialists in schools and universities can cultivate in young people an interest in and love for science, while also showing girls the appeal of the natural sciences. 

The professor is convinced that within the next five to ten years, such efforts will lead to an increase in the number of successful women in science in Armenia—women who will not only occupy senior positions but also play a decisive role in strategic decision-making and in advancing scientific development.

Anahit Balabekyan's scientific focus has long been on nuclear reactions and their interactions under varying energy conditions. She is the author of more than 100 scientific articles, the findings of which have made a significant contribution to the development of nuclear physics.

Recently, the Rector of Yerevan State University, Hovhannes Hovhannisyan, awarded Professor Anahit Balabekyan the YSU Gold Medal. In addition, the prominent European Physical Journal has designated her as a distinguished referee for 2025.